Psychiatrists and community mental health: normative versus utilitarian incentives.

The inability to attract adequate numbers of psychiatrists has been a concern of community mental health (CMH) planners for some time. This paper considers whether normative or utilitarian (i.e., economic) inducements have more of an impact on their participation. Data are drawn from a survey of 946 New York area psychiatrists. These data suggest the likelihood of incremental growth among community psychiatrists because organizational involvement, high quality residency training, and "younger generation" status all are linked to normative commitments to CMH values. Moreover, since political orientation is the strongest single determinant of these values, commitments also can be deliberately stimulated through normative appeals. Yet, our principal finding is that severe utilitarian disincentives tend to undercut the effects of normative inducements and commitments. The paper concludes by examining the social policy implications for community mental health staffing of the primacy of utilitarian considerations among psychiatrists.