The effect of cartilage deformation on the laxity of the knee joint.

In this paper, deformation of the articular cartilage layers is incorporated into an existing two-dimensional quasi-static model of the knee joint. The new model relates the applied force and the joint displacement, as measured in the Lachmann drawer test, and allows the effect of cartilage deformation on the knee joint laxity to be determined. The new model augments the previous knee model by calculating the tibio-femoral contact force subject to an approximate 'thin-layer' constitutive equation, and a method is described for finding the configuration of the knee under a specified load, in terms of a displacement from a zero-load reference configuration. The results show that inclusion of deformable cartilage layers can cause a reduction of between 10 and 35 per cent in the force required to produce a given tibial displacement, over the range of flexion angles considered. The presence of cartilage deformation was found to be an important modifier of the loading response but is secondary to the effect of ligamentous extension. The flexion angle dependence of passive joint laxity is much more strongly influenced by fibre recruitment in the ligaments than by cartilage deformation.