Multiple mechanisms of spike-frequency adaptation in motoneurones.

Spike-frequency adaptation is the continuous decline in discharge rate in response to a constant stimulus. We have described three distinct phases of adaptation in rat hypoglossal motoneurones: initial, early and late. The initial phase of adaptation is over in one or two intervals, and is primarily due to summation of the calcium-activated potassium conductance underlying the medium duration afterhyperpolarization (mAHP). The biophysical mechanisms underlying the later phases of adaptation are not well understood. Two of the previously-proposed mechanisms for adaptation are an increase in outward current flowing through calcium-activated potassium channels and increasing outward current produced by the electrogenic sodium-potassium pump. We found that neither of these mechanisms are necessary for the expression of the early and late phases of adaptation. The magnitude of the initial phase of adaptation was reduced when the calcium in the external solution was replaced with manganese, but the magnitudes of the early and late phases were consistently increased under these conditions. Partial blockade of the sodium-potassium pump with ouabain had no significant effect on any of the three phases of adaptation. Our current working hypothesis is that the magnitude of late adaptation depends upon the interplay between slow inactivation of sodium currents, that tends to decrease discharge rate, and the slow activation or facilitation of a calcium current that tends to increase discharge rate. Adaptation is often associated with a progressive decrease in the peak amplitude and rate of rise of action potentials, and a computer model that incorporated slow inactivation of sodium channels reproduced this phenomenon. However, the time course of adaptation does not always parallel changes in spike shape, indicating that the progressive activation of another inward current might oppose the decline in frequency caused by slow sodium inactivation.