The influence of neonatal nutrition on behavioral development: a critical appraisal.

Specific nutrients appear to modify the metabolism of neurotransmitters, which are endogenous regulators of neurogenesis, neural migration, and synaptogenesis during both embryonic and early postnatal life. This has led to the question of whether, by affecting neurotransmission, malnutrition during the early neonatal period affects behavioral development. The literature based on animal models suggests that nutrient deficiencies during early life influence neurotransmission and, in some instances, also affect behavioral outcomes. A clear answer to the question, however, remains elusive. This can be attributed to the complexity of the process of brain development, where changes at a cellular level may not necessarily translate into changes at a behavioral level. Future investigations in this important area of research should work toward refinement of the design of behavioral experiments so that these studies can contribute to the understanding of the putative mechanisms involved.