Thylakoid protein phosphorylation and the thiol redox state.

Illumination of thylakoid membranes leads to the phosphorylation of a number of photosystem II-related proteins, including the reaction center proteins D1 and D2 as well as the light-harvesting complex (LHCII). Regulation of light-activated thylakoid protein phosphorylation has mainly been ascribed to the redox state of the electron carrier plastoquinone. In this work, we show that this phosphorylation in vitro is also strongly influenced by the thiol disulfide redox state. Phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II was found to be favored by thiol-oxidizing conditions and strongly downregulated at moderately thiol-reducing conditions. In contrast, phosphorylation of the photosystem II reaction center proteins D1 and D2 as well as that of other photosystem II subunits was found to be stimulated up to 2-fold by moderately thiol-reducing conditions and kept at a high level also at highly reducing conditions. These responses of the level of thylakoid protein phosphorylation to changes in the thiol disulfide redox state are reminiscent of those observed in vivo in response to changes in the light intensity and point to the possibility of a second loop of redox regulation of thylakoid protein phosphorylation via the ferredoxin-thioredoxin system.