Biochemical and molecular neurotoxicology: relevance to biomarker development, neurotoxicity testing and risk assessment.

Biochemical and molecular approaches are most useful to define potential mechanisms of neurotoxicity. Information on the mechanisms of action of neurotoxicants can play a key role in neurotoxicology by allowing, among others, the development of potential biomarkers of effect, the refinement of in vitro testing procedures, and the improvement of the risk assessment process. An important class of insecticides, the organophosphates, are discussed as an example of how knowledge of molecular mechanisms is useful in various aspects of neurotoxicology. The utilization of such information in the area of biomarkers of exposure and effects, and of in vitro testing is presented. Additionally, mechanistic issues related to genetic polymorphisms and risk assessment are discussed.